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Please see the attached photo. Is this the correct way, meaning can I keep the car terminals connected while I charge the car? Or do I need to disconnect the car cables to then charge the car?
Either is fine, consider a battery charger to just be an alternator, provided nothing goes wrong with batt or charger you will be fine. That said, disconnecting the battery from the car mitigates any issues beyond a battery explosion or boil over if you are worried.
It's perfectly fine leaving it connected while charging. I would connect the charger negative straight to the battery post though because the way you have it the hood could easily fall, damaging the hood and the clamp. It's triggering just looking at it because it's happened to me many times in the past where I've left tools, etc on the engine and the hood dropped. Clamp directly to the battery and lay the hood down.
"I'd probably take the E30 M3 in this case just because I love that little car, and how tanky that inline 6 is." - thecj
for a jump start it's better to ground to chassis.
for a charge most newer chargers with digital like ground to battery. old battery chargers don't care.
edit: some newer cars also prefer ground to battery. those are past e30 though.
Is this trickle charging for vehicle storage over the winter?:
For over-winter storage I will typically disconnect the battery from the car, and cycle a charger through my vehicles.
Topping up a weak battery?:
If you are topping up a weak battery in a car you are driving, I see no reason to disconnect from the car while doing so.
Completely dead/flat battery?:
If the battery is completely dead and potentially offgassing, you might consider actually removing it from the vehicle and charging somewhere safer. I typically do this on an open porch that is covered but well ventilated.
This is much safer then even an enclosed garage, or on a vehicle with gasoline onboard (and potentially 30+ year old fuel lines?)
You may also want to check the acid level in the cells if applicable.
for a jump start it's better to ground to chassis.
for a charge most newer chargers with digital like ground to battery. old battery chargers don't care.
Indeed, you should use a chassis ground when jumping a car with a dead (offgassing) battery. This is to prevent explosion if the connection arcs.
But you'd want to choose a ground AWAY from the battery if that is your concern.
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